Rev. papers from the Conference on Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East sponsored by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, held in Cambridge, Mass., in Nov. 1987.

Before Islam reshaped the Middle East, vast kingdoms, merchant empires, and warrior tribes ruled the sands. From the Nabataeans to the Sassanids, these powers fought for dominance over trade routes ...

In the evolving landscape of marketing, the language of “audiences” feels increasingly transactional. It speaks of impressions, views, reach and metrics. But consumers today are not waiting to be ...