Fluoroscopy shows a continuous X-ray image on a monitor, much like an X-ray movie. During the procedure, an X-ray beam is continuously passed through the specific body part being examined. The images ...

In recent years, minimally invasive medical interventions performed under fluoroscopy and other types of imaging guidance have been extensively replacing the open surgery for many medical ...

Fluoroscopy-free RIRS is successful in some cases, but fluoroscopy should remain available for unexpected intraoperative challenges. In a randomized controlled trial, a fluoroscopy-free technique for ...