Lupus can make you more vulnerable to infection, including UTIs. This susceptibility is associated with changes in your immune system’s response. Lupus, an autoimmune condition, weakens your immune ...

The kidneys contain millions of microscopic blood vessels known as peritubular capillaries. These vessels recapture helpful nutrients like glucose and minerals and return them to your bloodstream for ...

Hormonal changes during menopause can weaken urinary tract defences, increasing the risk of recurrent UTIs. Tissue thinning, bacterial imbalance and bladder changes contribute to infections, but ...